kconfig: Sync with upstream v4.18

This commit introduces the following upstream changes:

73d1c580f92b kconfig: loop boundary condition fix
ecd53ac2f2c6 kconfig: handle P_SYMBOL in print_symbol()
b2d00d7c61c8 kconfig: fix line numbers for if-entries in menu tree
8593080c0fcf kconfig: fix localmodconfig
2ae89c7a82ea kconfig: Avoid format overflow warning from GCC 8.1
bb6d83dde191 kbuild: Move last word of nconfig help to the previous line
d6a0c8a1326b kconfig: Add testconfig into make help output
2bece88f89fa kconfig: test: add Kconfig macro language tests
915f64901eb3 kconfig: error out if a recursive variable references itself
a702a6176e2f kconfig: add 'filename' and 'lineno' built-in variables
1d6272e6fe43 kconfig: add 'info', 'warning-if', and 'error-if' built-in functions
82bc8bd82e5c kconfig: expand lefthand side of assignment statement
ed2a22f277c6 kconfig: support append assignment operator
1175c02506ff kconfig: support simply expanded variable
9ced3bddec08 kconfig: support user-defined function and recursively expanded variable
9de071536c87 kconfig: begin PARAM state only when seeing a command keyword
2fd5b09c201e kconfig: add 'shell' built-in function
e298f3b49def kconfig: add built-in function support
137c0118a900 kconfig: make default prompt of mainmenu less specific
5b31a9746756 kconfig: remove sym_expand_string_value()
96d8e48da55a kconfig: remove string expansion for mainmenu after yyparse()
bb222ceeb327 kconfig: remove string expansion in file_lookup()
104daea149c4 kconfig: reference environment variables directly and remove 'option env='
694c49a7c01c kconfig: drop localization support
1c5af5cf9308 kconfig: refactor ncurses package checks for building mconf and nconf
b464ef583dc7 kconfig: refactor GTK+ package checks for building gconf
0b669a5076fd kconfig: refactor Qt package checks for building qconf

Signed-off-by: Chris Packham <judge.packham@gmail.com>

23 files changed, 918 insertions, 530 deletions

diff --git a/kconfig/check.sh b/kconfig/check.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 97f0fee..0000000
--- a/kconfig/check.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
-# Needed for systems without gettext
-$* -x c -o /dev/null - > /dev/null 2>&1 << EOF
-#include <libintl.h>
-int main()
-{
-	gettext("");
-	return 0;
-}
-EOF
-if [ ! "$?" -eq "0"  ]; then
-	echo -DKBUILD_NO_NLS;
-fi
diff --git a/kconfig/conf.c b/kconfig/conf.c
index 5141be2..abd5238 100644
--- a/kconfig/conf.c
+++ b/kconfig/conf.c
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
  * Released under the terms of the GNU GPL v2.0.
  */
 
-#include <locale.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ static int conf_askvalue(struct symbol *sym, const char *def)
 	enum symbol_type type = sym_get_type(sym);
 
 	if (!sym_has_value(sym))
-		printf(_("(NEW) "));
+		printf("(NEW) ");
 
 	line[0] = '\n';
 	line[1] = 0;
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ static int conf_string(struct menu *menu)
 	const char *def;
 
 	while (1) {
-		printf("%*s%s ", indent - 1, "", _(menu->prompt->text));
+		printf("%*s%s ", indent - 1, "", menu->prompt->text);
 		printf("(%s) ", sym->name);
 		def = sym_get_string_value(sym);
 		if (sym_get_string_value(sym))
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ static int conf_sym(struct menu *menu)
 	tristate oldval, newval;
 
 	while (1) {
-		printf("%*s%s ", indent - 1, "", _(menu->prompt->text));
+		printf("%*s%s ", indent - 1, "", menu->prompt->text);
 		if (sym->name)
 			printf("(%s) ", sym->name);
 		putchar('[');
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ static int conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 		case no:
 			return 1;
 		case mod:
-			printf("%*s%s\n", indent - 1, "", _(menu_get_prompt(menu)));
+			printf("%*s%s\n", indent - 1, "", menu_get_prompt(menu));
 			return 0;
 		case yes:
 			break;
@@ -261,7 +260,7 @@ static int conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 	while (1) {
 		int cnt, def;
 
-		printf("%*s%s\n", indent - 1, "", _(menu_get_prompt(menu)));
+		printf("%*s%s\n", indent - 1, "", menu_get_prompt(menu));
 		def_sym = sym_get_choice_value(sym);
 		cnt = def = 0;
 		line[0] = 0;
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ static int conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 			if (!menu_is_visible(child))
 				continue;
 			if (!child->sym) {
-				printf("%*c %s\n", indent, '*', _(menu_get_prompt(child)));
+				printf("%*c %s\n", indent, '*', menu_get_prompt(child));
 				continue;
 			}
 			cnt++;
@@ -278,14 +277,14 @@ static int conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 				printf("%*c", indent, '>');
 			} else
 				printf("%*c", indent, ' ');
-			printf(" %d. %s", cnt, _(menu_get_prompt(child)));
+			printf(" %d. %s", cnt, menu_get_prompt(child));
 			if (child->sym->name)
 				printf(" (%s)", child->sym->name);
 			if (!sym_has_value(child->sym))
-				printf(_(" (NEW)"));
+				printf(" (NEW)");
 			printf("\n");
 		}
-		printf(_("%*schoice"), indent - 1, "");
+		printf("%*schoice", indent - 1, "");
 		if (cnt == 1) {
 			printf("[1]: 1\n");
 			goto conf_childs;
@@ -372,7 +371,7 @@ static void conf(struct menu *menu)
 			if (prompt)
 				printf("%*c\n%*c %s\n%*c\n",
 					indent, '*',
-					indent, '*', _(prompt),
+					indent, '*', prompt,
 					indent, '*');
 		default:
 			;
@@ -437,7 +436,7 @@ static void check_conf(struct menu *menu)
 				}
 			} else {
 				if (!conf_cnt++)
-					printf(_("*\n* Restart config...\n*\n"));
+					printf("*\n* Restart config...\n*\n");
 				rootEntry = menu_get_parent_menu(menu);
 				conf(rootEntry);
 			}
@@ -477,10 +476,6 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 	const char *name, *defconfig_file = NULL /* gcc uninit */;
 	struct stat tmpstat;
 
-	setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
-	bindtextdomain(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
-	textdomain(PACKAGE);
-
 	tty_stdio = isatty(0) && isatty(1);
 
 	while ((opt = getopt_long(ac, av, "s", long_opts, NULL)) != -1) {
@@ -532,14 +527,14 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 		case olddefconfig:
 			break;
 		case '?':
-			fprintf(stderr, _("See README for usage info\n"));
+			fprintf(stderr, "See README for usage info\n");
 			exit(1);
 			break;
 		}
 	}
 	if (ac == optind) {
-		fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Kconfig file missing\n"), av[0]);
-		fprintf(stderr, _("See README for usage info\n"));
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: Kconfig file missing\n", av[0]);
+		fprintf(stderr, "See README for usage info\n");
 		exit(1);
 	}
 	name = av[optind];
@@ -548,12 +543,12 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 	if (sync_kconfig) {
 		name = conf_get_configname();
 		if (stat(name, &tmpstat)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, _("***\n"
+			fprintf(stderr, "***\n"
 				"*** Configuration file \"%s\" not found!\n"
 				"***\n"
 				"*** Please configure with \"menuconfig\", or use a\n"
 				"*** pre-existing sample (see list with \"list-samples\").\n"
-				"***\n"), name);
+				"***\n", name);
 			exit(1);
 		}
 	}
@@ -564,9 +559,9 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 			defconfig_file = conf_get_default_confname();
 		if (conf_read(defconfig_file)) {
 			fprintf(stderr,
-				_("***\n"
+				"***\n"
 				  "*** Can't find default configuration \"%s\"!\n"
-				  "***\n"),
+				  "***\n",
 				defconfig_file);
 			exit(1);
 		}
@@ -590,7 +585,7 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 		if ((strcmp(name, "") != 0) && (strcmp(name, "1") != 0)) {
 			if (conf_read_simple(name, S_DEF_USER)) {
 				fprintf(stderr,
-					_("*** Can't read seed configuration \"%s\"!\n"),
+					"*** Can't read seed configuration \"%s\"!\n",
 					name);
 				exit(1);
 			}
@@ -607,7 +602,7 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 		if (conf_read_simple(name, S_DEF_USER) &&
 		    conf_read_simple("all.config", S_DEF_USER)) {
 			fprintf(stderr,
-				_("*** KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG set, but no \"%s\" or \"all.config\" file found\n"),
+				"*** KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG set, but no \"%s\" or \"all.config\" file found\n",
 				name);
 			exit(1);
 		}
@@ -621,7 +616,7 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 			name = getenv("KCONFIG_NOSILENTUPDATE");
 			if (name && *name) {
 				fprintf(stderr,
-					_("\n*** The configuration requires explicit update.\n\n"));
+					"\n*** The configuration requires explicit update.\n\n");
 				return 1;
 			}
 		}
@@ -673,23 +668,23 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 		 * All other commands are only used to generate a config.
 		 */
 		if (conf_get_changed() && conf_write(NULL)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, _("\n*** Error during writing of the configuration.\n\n"));
+			fprintf(stderr, "\n*** Error during writing of the configuration.\n\n");
 			exit(1);
 		}
 		/* In crosstool-NG, we do not use the autoconf stuff
 		if (conf_write_autoconf()) {
-			fprintf(stderr, _("\n*** Error during update of the configuration.\n\n"));
+			fprintf(stderr, "\n*** Error during update of the configuration.\n\n");
 			return 1;
 		} */
 	} else if (input_mode == savedefconfig) {
 		if (conf_write_defconfig(defconfig_file)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, _("n*** Error while saving defconfig to: %s\n\n"),
+			fprintf(stderr, "n*** Error while saving defconfig to: %s\n\n",
 				defconfig_file);
 			return 1;
 		}
 	} else if (input_mode != listnewconfig) {
 		if (conf_write(NULL)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, _("\n*** Error during writing of the configuration.\n\n"));
+			fprintf(stderr, "\n*** Error during writing of the configuration.\n\n");
 			exit(1);
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/kconfig/confdata.c b/kconfig/confdata.c
index df26c7b..39e2097 100644
--- a/kconfig/confdata.c
+++ b/kconfig/confdata.c
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ static void conf_message(const char *fmt, ...)
 static const char *conf_filename;
 static int conf_lineno, conf_warnings;
 
-const char conf_defname[] = "arch/$ARCH/defconfig";
+const char conf_defname[] = "arch/$(ARCH)/defconfig";
 
 static void conf_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
@@ -81,39 +81,13 @@ const char *conf_get_autoconfig_name(void)
 	return name ? name : "include/config/auto.conf";
 }
 
-static char *conf_expand_value(const char *in)
-{
-	struct symbol *sym;
-	const char *src;
-	static char res_value[SYMBOL_MAXLENGTH];
-	char *dst, name[SYMBOL_MAXLENGTH];
-
-	res_value[0] = 0;
-	dst = name;
-	while ((src = strchr(in, '$'))) {
-		strncat(res_value, in, src - in);
-		src++;
-		dst = name;
-		while (isalnum(*src) || *src == '_')
-			*dst++ = *src++;
-		*dst = 0;
-		sym = sym_lookup(name, 0);
-		sym_calc_value(sym);
-		strcat(res_value, sym_get_string_value(sym));
-		in = src;
-	}
-	strcat(res_value, in);
-
-	return res_value;
-}
-
 char *conf_get_default_confname(void)
 {
 	struct stat buf;
 	static char fullname[PATH_MAX+1];
 	char *env, *name;
 
-	name = conf_expand_value(conf_defname);
+	name = expand_string(conf_defname);
 	env = getenv(SRCTREE);
 	if (env) {
 		sprintf(fullname, "%s/%s", env, name);
@@ -274,10 +248,11 @@ int conf_read_simple(const char *name, int def)
 			if (expr_calc_value(prop->visible.expr) == no ||
 			    prop->expr->type != E_SYMBOL)
 				continue;
-			name = conf_expand_value(prop->expr->left.sym->name);
+			sym_calc_value(prop->expr->left.sym);
+			name = sym_get_string_value(prop->expr->left.sym);
 			in = zconf_fopen(name);
 			if (in) {
-				conf_message(_("using defaults found in %s"),
+				conf_message("using defaults found in %s",
 					 name);
 				goto load;
 			}
@@ -745,7 +720,7 @@ int conf_write(const char *name)
 	struct menu *menu;
 	const char *basename;
 	const char *str;
-	char dirname[PATH_MAX+1], tmpname[PATH_MAX+1], newname[PATH_MAX+1];
+	char dirname[PATH_MAX+1], tmpname[PATH_MAX+22], newname[PATH_MAX+8];
 	char *env;
 
 	dirname[0] = 0;
@@ -831,7 +806,7 @@ next:
 			return 1;
 	}
 
-	conf_message(_("configuration written to %s"), newname);
+	conf_message("configuration written to %s", newname);
 
 	sym_set_change_count(0);
 
diff --git a/kconfig/expr.h b/kconfig/expr.h
index 94a383b..f63b41b 100644
--- a/kconfig/expr.h
+++ b/kconfig/expr.h
@@ -171,6 +171,9 @@ struct symbol {
  * config BAZ
  *         int "BAZ Value"
  *         range 1..255
+ *
+ * Please, also check zconf.y:print_symbol() when modifying the
+ * list of property types!
  */
 enum prop_type {
 	P_UNKNOWN,
diff --git a/kconfig/kconf_id.c b/kconfig/kconf_id.c
index 3ea9c5f..b3e0ea0 100644
--- a/kconfig/kconf_id.c
+++ b/kconfig/kconf_id.c
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ static struct kconf_id kconf_id_array[] = {
 	{ "on",			T_ON,			TF_PARAM },
 	{ "modules",		T_OPT_MODULES,		TF_OPTION },
 	{ "defconfig_list",	T_OPT_DEFCONFIG_LIST,	TF_OPTION },
-	{ "env",		T_OPT_ENV,		TF_OPTION },
 	{ "allnoconfig_y",	T_OPT_ALLNOCONFIG_Y,	TF_OPTION },
 };
 
diff --git a/kconfig/lkc.h b/kconfig/lkc.h
index f4394af..ed3ff88 100644
--- a/kconfig/lkc.h
+++ b/kconfig/lkc.h
@@ -8,15 +8,6 @@
 
 #include "expr.h"
 
-#ifndef KBUILD_NO_NLS
-# include <libintl.h>
-#else
-static inline const char *gettext(const char *txt) { return txt; }
-static inline void textdomain(const char *domainname) {}
-static inline void bindtextdomain(const char *name, const char *dir) {}
-static inline char *bind_textdomain_codeset(const char *dn, char *c) { return c; }
-#endif
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
@@ -29,11 +20,6 @@ extern "C" {
 #define PACKAGE "linux"
 #endif
 
-#define LOCALEDIR "/usr/share/locale"
-
-#define _(text) gettext(text)
-#define N_(text) (text)
-
 #ifndef CONFIG_
 #define CONFIG_ "CONFIG_"
 #endif
@@ -58,7 +44,6 @@ enum conf_def_mode {
 
 #define T_OPT_MODULES		1
 #define T_OPT_DEFCONFIG_LIST	2
-#define T_OPT_ENV		3
 #define T_OPT_ALLNOCONFIG_Y	4
 
 struct kconf_id {
@@ -117,6 +102,7 @@ void *xmalloc(size_t size);
 void *xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
 void *xrealloc(void *p, size_t size);
 char *xstrdup(const char *s);
+char *xstrndup(const char *s, size_t n);
 
 struct gstr {
 	size_t len;
@@ -134,9 +120,6 @@ void str_printf(struct gstr *gs, const char *fmt, ...);
 const char *str_get(struct gstr *gs);
 
 /* symbol.c */
-extern struct expr *sym_env_list;
-
-void sym_init(void);
 void sym_clear_all_valid(void);
 struct symbol *sym_choice_default(struct symbol *sym);
 const char *sym_get_string_default(struct symbol *sym);
diff --git a/kconfig/lkc_proto.h b/kconfig/lkc_proto.h
index 9dc8abf..a8b7a33 100644
--- a/kconfig/lkc_proto.h
+++ b/kconfig/lkc_proto.h
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ extern struct symbol * symbol_hash[SYMBOL_HASHSIZE];
 
 struct symbol * sym_lookup(const char *name, int flags);
 struct symbol * sym_find(const char *name);
-char *sym_expand_string_value(const char *in);
 const char * sym_escape_string_value(const char *in);
 struct symbol ** sym_re_search(const char *pattern);
 const char * sym_type_name(enum symbol_type type);
@@ -49,5 +48,19 @@ const char * sym_get_string_value(struct symbol *sym);
 
 const char * prop_get_type_name(enum prop_type type);
 
+/* preprocess.c */
+enum variable_flavor {
+	VAR_SIMPLE,
+	VAR_RECURSIVE,
+	VAR_APPEND,
+};
+void env_write_dep(FILE *f, const char *auto_conf_name);
+void variable_add(const char *name, const char *value,
+		  enum variable_flavor flavor);
+void variable_all_del(void);
+char *expand_string(const char *in);
+char *expand_dollar(const char **str);
+char *expand_one_token(const char **str);
+
 /* expr.c */
 void expr_print(struct expr *e, void (*fn)(void *, struct symbol *, const char *), void *data, int prevtoken);
diff --git a/kconfig/lxdialog/check-lxdialog.sh b/kconfig/lxdialog/check-lxdialog.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 6c0bcd9..0000000
--- a/kconfig/lxdialog/check-lxdialog.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
-# Check ncurses compatibility
-
-# What library to link
-ldflags()
-{
-	pkg-config --libs ncursesw 2>/dev/null && exit
-	pkg-config --libs ncurses 2>/dev/null && exit
-	for ext in so a dll.a dylib ; do
-		for lib in ncursesw ncurses curses ; do
-			$cc -print-file-name=lib${lib}.${ext} | grep -q /
-			if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
-				echo "-l${lib}"
-				exit
-			fi
-		done
-	done
-	exit 1
-}
-
-# Where is ncurses.h?
-ccflags()
-{
-	if pkg-config --cflags ncursesw 2>/dev/null; then
-		echo '-DCURSES_LOC="<ncurses.h>" -DNCURSES_WIDECHAR=1'
-	elif pkg-config --cflags ncurses 2>/dev/null; then
-		echo '-DCURSES_LOC="<ncurses.h>"'
-	elif [ -f /usr/include/ncursesw/curses.h ]; then
-		echo '-I/usr/include/ncursesw -DCURSES_LOC="<curses.h>"'
-		echo ' -DNCURSES_WIDECHAR=1'
-	elif [ -f /usr/include/ncurses/ncurses.h ]; then
-		echo '-I/usr/include/ncurses -DCURSES_LOC="<ncurses.h>"'
-	elif [ -f /usr/include/ncurses/curses.h ]; then
-		echo '-I/usr/include/ncurses -DCURSES_LOC="<curses.h>"'
-	elif [ -f /usr/include/ncurses.h ]; then
-		echo '-DCURSES_LOC="<ncurses.h>"'
-	else
-		echo '-DCURSES_LOC="<curses.h>"'
-	fi
-}
-
-# Temp file, try to clean up after us
-tmp=.lxdialog.tmp
-trap "rm -f $tmp" 0 1 2 3 15
-
-# Check if we can link to ncurses
-check() {
-        $cc -x c - -o $tmp 2>/dev/null <<'EOF'
-#include CURSES_LOC
-main() {}
-EOF
-	if [ $? != 0 ]; then
-	    echo " *** Unable to find the ncurses libraries or the"       1>&2
-	    echo " *** required header files."                            1>&2
-	    echo " *** 'make menuconfig' requires the ncurses libraries." 1>&2
-	    echo " *** "                                                  1>&2
-	    echo " *** Install ncurses (ncurses-devel or libncurses-dev " 1>&2
-	    echo " *** depending on your distribution) and try again."    1>&2
-	    echo " *** "                                                  1>&2
-	    exit 1
-	fi
-}
-
-usage() {
-	printf "Usage: $0 [-check compiler options|-ccflags|-ldflags compiler options]\n"
-}
-
-if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
-	usage
-	exit 1
-fi
-
-cc=""
-case "$1" in
-	"-check")
-		shift
-		cc="$@"
-		check
-		;;
-	"-ccflags")
-		ccflags
-		;;
-	"-ldflags")
-		shift
-		cc="$@"
-		ldflags
-		;;
-	"*")
-		usage
-		exit 1
-		;;
-esac
diff --git a/kconfig/lxdialog/checklist.c b/kconfig/lxdialog/checklist.c
index 8d016fa..2e96323 100644
--- a/kconfig/lxdialog/checklist.c
+++ b/kconfig/lxdialog/checklist.c
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ static void print_buttons(WINDOW * dialog, int height, int width, int selected)
 	int x = width / 2 - 11;
 	int y = height - 2;
 
-	print_button(dialog, gettext("Select"), y, x, selected == 0);
-	print_button(dialog, gettext(" Help "), y, x + 14, selected == 1);
+	print_button(dialog, "Select", y, x, selected == 0);
+	print_button(dialog, " Help ", y, x + 14, selected == 1);
 
 	wmove(dialog, y, x + 1 + 14 * selected);
 	wrefresh(dialog);
diff --git a/kconfig/lxdialog/dialog.h b/kconfig/lxdialog/dialog.h
index fcffd5b..0b00be5 100644
--- a/kconfig/lxdialog/dialog.h
+++ b/kconfig/lxdialog/dialog.h
@@ -26,16 +26,10 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
-#ifndef KBUILD_NO_NLS
-# include <libintl.h>
-#else
-# define gettext(Msgid) ((const char *) (Msgid))
-#endif
-
 #ifdef __sun__
 #define CURS_MACROS
 #endif
-#include CURSES_LOC
+#include <ncurses.h>
 
 /*
  * Colors in ncurses 1.9.9e do not work properly since foreground and
diff --git a/kconfig/lxdialog/inputbox.c b/kconfig/lxdialog/inputbox.c
index d58de1d..fe82ff6 100644
--- a/kconfig/lxdialog/inputbox.c
+++ b/kconfig/lxdialog/inputbox.c
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ static void print_buttons(WINDOW * dialog, int height, int width, int selected)
 	int x = width / 2 - 11;
 	int y = height - 2;
 
-	print_button(dialog, gettext("  Ok  "), y, x, selected == 0);
-	print_button(dialog, gettext(" Help "), y, x + 14, selected == 1);
+	print_button(dialog, "  Ok  ", y, x, selected == 0);
+	print_button(dialog, " Help ", y, x + 14, selected == 1);
 
 	wmove(dialog, y, x + 1 + 14 * selected);
 	wrefresh(dialog);
diff --git a/kconfig/lxdialog/menubox.c b/kconfig/lxdialog/menubox.c
index 11ae9ad..d70cab3 100644
--- a/kconfig/lxdialog/menubox.c
+++ b/kconfig/lxdialog/menubox.c
@@ -157,11 +157,11 @@ static void print_buttons(WINDOW * win, int height, int width, int selected)
 	int x = width / 2 - 28;
 	int y = height - 2;
 
-	print_button(win, gettext("Select"), y, x, selected == 0);
-	print_button(win, gettext(" Exit "), y, x + 12, selected == 1);
-	print_button(win, gettext(" Help "), y, x + 24, selected == 2);
-	print_button(win, gettext(" Save "), y, x + 36, selected == 3);
-	print_button(win, gettext(" Load "), y, x + 48, selected == 4);
+	print_button(win, "Select", y, x, selected == 0);
+	print_button(win, " Exit ", y, x + 12, selected == 1);
+	print_button(win, " Help ", y, x + 24, selected == 2);
+	print_button(win, " Save ", y, x + 36, selected == 3);
+	print_button(win, " Load ", y, x + 48, selected == 4);
 
 	wmove(win, y, x + 1 + 12 * selected);
 	wrefresh(win);
diff --git a/kconfig/lxdialog/textbox.c b/kconfig/lxdialog/textbox.c
index 1773319..88d2818 100644
--- a/kconfig/lxdialog/textbox.c
+++ b/kconfig/lxdialog/textbox.c
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ do_resize:
 
 	print_title(dialog, title, width);
 
-	print_button(dialog, gettext(" Exit "), height - 2, width / 2 - 4, TRUE);
+	print_button(dialog, " Exit ", height - 2, width / 2 - 4, TRUE);
 	wnoutrefresh(dialog);
 	getyx(dialog, cur_y, cur_x);	/* Save cursor position */
 
diff --git a/kconfig/lxdialog/yesno.c b/kconfig/lxdialog/yesno.c
index 676fb2f..cd1223c 100644
--- a/kconfig/lxdialog/yesno.c
+++ b/kconfig/lxdialog/yesno.c
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ static void print_buttons(WINDOW * dialog, int height, int width, int selected)
 	int x = width / 2 - 10;
 	int y = height - 2;
 
-	print_button(dialog, gettext(" Yes "), y, x, selected == 0);
-	print_button(dialog, gettext("  No  "), y, x + 13, selected == 1);
+	print_button(dialog, " Yes ", y, x, selected == 0);
+	print_button(dialog, "  No  ", y, x + 13, selected == 1);
 
 	wmove(dialog, y, x + 1 + 13 * selected);
 	wrefresh(dialog);
diff --git a/kconfig/mconf.c b/kconfig/mconf.c
index ea50ba0..9890dd4 100644
--- a/kconfig/mconf.c
+++ b/kconfig/mconf.c
@@ -17,12 +17,11 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <locale.h>
 
 #include "lkc.h"
 #include "lxdialog/dialog.h"
 
-static const char mconf_readme[] = N_(
+static const char mconf_readme[] =
 "Overview\n"
 "--------\n"
 "This interface lets you select features and parameters for the build.\n"
@@ -171,37 +170,37 @@ static const char mconf_readme[] = N_(
 " blackbg    => selects a color scheme with black background\n"
 " classic    => theme with blue background. The classic look\n"
 " bluetitle  => an LCD friendly version of classic. (default)\n"
-"\n"),
-menu_instructions[] = N_(
+"\n",
+menu_instructions[] =
 	"Arrow keys navigate the menu.  "
 	"<Enter> selects submenus ---> (or empty submenus ----).  "
 	"Highlighted letters are hotkeys.  "
 	"Pressing <Y> includes, <N> excludes, <M> modularizes features.  "
 	"Press <Esc><Esc> to exit, <?> for Help, </> for Search.  "
-	"Legend: [*] built-in  [ ] excluded  <M> module  < > module capable"),
-radiolist_instructions[] = N_(
+	"Legend: [*] built-in  [ ] excluded  <M> module  < > module capable",
+radiolist_instructions[] =
 	"Use the arrow keys to navigate this window or "
 	"press the hotkey of the item you wish to select "
 	"followed by the <SPACE BAR>. "
-	"Press <?> for additional information about this option."),
-inputbox_instructions_int[] = N_(
+	"Press <?> for additional information about this option.",
+inputbox_instructions_int[] =
 	"Please enter a decimal value. "
 	"Fractions will not be accepted.  "
-	"Use the <TAB> key to move from the input field to the buttons below it."),
-inputbox_instructions_hex[] = N_(
+	"Use the <TAB> key to move from the input field to the buttons below it.",
+inputbox_instructions_hex[] =
 	"Please enter a hexadecimal value. "
-	"Use the <TAB> key to move from the input field to the buttons below it."),
-inputbox_instructions_string[] = N_(
+	"Use the <TAB> key to move from the input field to the buttons below it.",
+inputbox_instructions_string[] =
 	"Please enter a string value. "
-	"Use the <TAB> key to move from the input field to the buttons below it."),
-setmod_text[] = N_(
+	"Use the <TAB> key to move from the input field to the buttons below it.",
+setmod_text[] =
 	"This feature depends on another which has been configured as a module.\n"
-	"As a result, this feature will be built as a module."),
-load_config_text[] = N_(
+	"As a result, this feature will be built as a module.",
+load_config_text[] =
 	"Enter the name of the configuration file you wish to load.  "
 	"Accept the name shown to restore the configuration you "
-	"last retrieved.  Leave blank to abort."),
-load_config_help[] = N_(
+	"last retrieved.  Leave blank to abort.",
+load_config_help[] =
 	"\n"
 	"For various reasons, one may wish to keep several different\n"
 	"configurations available on a single machine.\n"
@@ -211,11 +210,11 @@ load_config_help[] = N_(
 	"configuration.\n"
 	"\n"
 	"If you are uncertain, then you have probably never used alternate\n"
-	"configuration files. You should therefore leave this blank to abort.\n"),
-save_config_text[] = N_(
+	"configuration files. You should therefore leave this blank to abort.\n",
+save_config_text[] =
 	"Enter a filename to which this configuration should be saved "
-	"as an alternate.  Leave blank to abort."),
-save_config_help[] = N_(
+	"as an alternate.  Leave blank to abort.",
+save_config_help[] =
 	"\n"
 	"For various reasons, one may wish to keep different configurations\n"
 	"available on a single machine.\n"
@@ -225,8 +224,8 @@ save_config_help[] = N_(
 	"configuration options you have selected at that time.\n"
 	"\n"
 	"If you are uncertain what all this means then you should probably\n"
-	"leave this blank.\n"),
-search_help[] = N_(
+	"leave this blank.\n",
+search_help[] =
 	"\n"
 	"Search for symbols and display their relations.\n"
 	"Regular expressions are allowed.\n"
@@ -271,7 +270,7 @@ search_help[] = N_(
 	"Examples: USB	=> find all symbols containing USB\n"
 	"          ^USB => find all symbols starting with USB\n"
 	"          USB$ => find all symbols ending with USB\n"
-	"\n");
+	"\n";
 
 static int indent;
 static struct menu *current_menu;
@@ -400,19 +399,19 @@ static void search_conf(void)
 	struct subtitle_part stpart;
 
 	title = str_new();
-	str_printf( &title, _("Enter (sub)string or regexp to search for "
-			      "(with or without \"%s\")"), CONFIG_);
+	str_printf( &title, "Enter (sub)string or regexp to search for "
+			      "(with or without \"%s\")", CONFIG_);
 
 again:
 	dialog_clear();
-	dres = dialog_inputbox(_("Search Configuration Parameter"),
+	dres = dialog_inputbox("Search Configuration Parameter",
 			      str_get(&title),
 			      10, 75, "");
 	switch (dres) {
 	case 0:
 		break;
 	case 1:
-		show_helptext(_("Search Configuration"), search_help);
+		show_helptext("Search Configuration", search_help);
 		goto again;
 	default:
 		str_free(&title);
@@ -443,7 +442,7 @@ again:
 
 		res = get_relations_str(sym_arr, &head);
 		set_subtitle();
-		dres = show_textbox_ext(_("Search Results"), (char *)
+		dres = show_textbox_ext("Search Results", (char *)
 					str_get(&res), 0, 0, keys, &vscroll,
 					&hscroll, &update_text, (void *)
 					&data);
@@ -491,7 +490,7 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 			switch (prop->type) {
 			case P_MENU:
 				child_count++;
-				prompt = _(prompt);
+				prompt = prompt;
 				if (single_menu_mode) {
 					item_make("%s%*c%s",
 						  menu->data ? "-->" : "++>",
@@ -508,7 +507,7 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 			case P_COMMENT:
 				if (prompt) {
 					child_count++;
-					item_make("   %*c*** %s ***", indent + 1, ' ', _(prompt));
+					item_make("   %*c*** %s ***", indent + 1, ' ', prompt);
 					item_set_tag(':');
 					item_set_data(menu);
 				}
@@ -516,7 +515,7 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 			default:
 				if (prompt) {
 					child_count++;
-					item_make("---%*c%s", indent + 1, ' ', _(prompt));
+					item_make("---%*c%s", indent + 1, ' ', prompt);
 					item_set_tag(':');
 					item_set_data(menu);
 				}
@@ -560,10 +559,10 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 			item_set_data(menu);
 		}
 
-		item_add_str("%*c%s", indent + 1, ' ', _(menu_get_prompt(menu)));
+		item_add_str("%*c%s", indent + 1, ' ', menu_get_prompt(menu));
 		if (val == yes) {
 			if (def_menu) {
-				item_add_str(" (%s)", _(menu_get_prompt(def_menu)));
+				item_add_str(" (%s)", menu_get_prompt(def_menu));
 				item_add_str("  --->");
 				if (def_menu->list) {
 					indent += 2;
@@ -575,7 +574,7 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 		}
 	} else {
 		if (menu == current_menu) {
-			item_make("---%*c%s", indent + 1, ' ', _(menu_get_prompt(menu)));
+			item_make("---%*c%s", indent + 1, ' ', menu_get_prompt(menu));
 			item_set_tag(':');
 			item_set_data(menu);
 			goto conf_childs;
@@ -618,17 +617,17 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 				tmp = indent - tmp + 4;
 				if (tmp < 0)
 					tmp = 0;
-				item_add_str("%*c%s%s", tmp, ' ', _(menu_get_prompt(menu)),
+				item_add_str("%*c%s%s", tmp, ' ', menu_get_prompt(menu),
 					     (sym_has_value(sym) || !sym_is_changable(sym)) ?
-					     "" : _(" (NEW)"));
+					     "" : " (NEW)");
 				item_set_tag('s');
 				item_set_data(menu);
 				goto conf_childs;
 			}
 		}
-		item_add_str("%*c%s%s", indent + 1, ' ', _(menu_get_prompt(menu)),
+		item_add_str("%*c%s%s", indent + 1, ' ', menu_get_prompt(menu),
 			  (sym_has_value(sym) || !sym_is_changable(sym)) ?
-			  "" : _(" (NEW)"));
+			  "" : " (NEW)");
 		if (menu->prompt->type == P_MENU) {
 			item_add_str("  %s", menu_is_empty(menu) ? "----" : "--->");
 			return;
@@ -665,8 +664,8 @@ static void conf(struct menu *menu, struct menu *active_menu)
 			break;
 		set_subtitle();
 		dialog_clear();
-		res = dialog_menu(prompt ? _(prompt) : _("Main Menu"),
-				  _(menu_instructions),
+		res = dialog_menu(prompt ? prompt : "Main Menu",
+				  menu_instructions,
 				  active_menu, &s_scroll);
 		if (res == 1 || res == KEY_ESC || res == -ERRDISPLAYTOOSMALL)
 			break;
@@ -708,7 +707,7 @@ static void conf(struct menu *menu, struct menu *active_menu)
 				show_help(submenu);
 			else {
 				reset_subtitle();
-				show_helptext(_("README"), _(mconf_readme));
+				show_helptext("README", mconf_readme);
 			}
 			break;
 		case 3:
@@ -793,13 +792,13 @@ static void show_help(struct menu *menu)
 	help.max_width = getmaxx(stdscr) - 10;
 	menu_get_ext_help(menu, &help);
 
-	show_helptext(_(menu_get_prompt(menu)), str_get(&help));
+	show_helptext(menu_get_prompt(menu), str_get(&help));
 	str_free(&help);
 }
 
 static void conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 {
-	const char *prompt = _(menu_get_prompt(menu));
+	const char *prompt = menu_get_prompt(menu);
 	struct menu *child;
 	struct symbol *active;
 
@@ -814,9 +813,9 @@ static void conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 			if (!menu_is_visible(child))
 				continue;
 			if (child->sym)
-				item_make("%s", _(menu_get_prompt(child)));
+				item_make("%s", menu_get_prompt(child));
 			else {
-				item_make("*** %s ***", _(menu_get_prompt(child)));
+				item_make("*** %s ***", menu_get_prompt(child));
 				item_set_tag(':');
 			}
 			item_set_data(child);
@@ -826,8 +825,8 @@ static void conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 				item_set_tag('X');
 		}
 		dialog_clear();
-		res = dialog_checklist(prompt ? _(prompt) : _("Main Menu"),
-					_(radiolist_instructions),
+		res = dialog_checklist(prompt ? prompt : "Main Menu",
+					radiolist_instructions,
 					MENUBOX_HEIGTH_MIN,
 					MENUBOX_WIDTH_MIN,
 					CHECKLIST_HEIGTH_MIN);
@@ -868,26 +867,26 @@ static void conf_string(struct menu *menu)
 
 		switch (sym_get_type(menu->sym)) {
 		case S_INT:
-			heading = _(inputbox_instructions_int);
+			heading = inputbox_instructions_int;
 			break;
 		case S_HEX:
-			heading = _(inputbox_instructions_hex);
+			heading = inputbox_instructions_hex;
 			break;
 		case S_STRING:
-			heading = _(inputbox_instructions_string);
+			heading = inputbox_instructions_string;
 			break;
 		default:
-			heading = _("Internal mconf error!");
+			heading = "Internal mconf error!";
 		}
 		dialog_clear();
-		res = dialog_inputbox(prompt ? _(prompt) : _("Main Menu"),
+		res = dialog_inputbox(prompt ? prompt : "Main Menu",
 				      heading, 10, 75,
 				      sym_get_string_value(menu->sym));
 		switch (res) {
 		case 0:
 			if (sym_set_string_value(menu->sym, dialog_input_result))
 				return;
-			show_textbox(NULL, _("You have made an invalid entry."), 5, 43);
+			show_textbox(NULL, "You have made an invalid entry.", 5, 43);
 			break;
 		case 1:
 			show_help(menu);
@@ -915,10 +914,10 @@ static void conf_load(void)
 				sym_set_change_count(1);
 				return;
 			}
-			show_textbox(NULL, _("File does not exist!"), 5, 38);
+			show_textbox(NULL, "File does not exist!", 5, 38);
 			break;
 		case 1:
-			show_helptext(_("Load Alternate Configuration"), load_config_help);
+			show_helptext("Load Alternate Configuration", load_config_help);
 			break;
 		case KEY_ESC:
 			return;
@@ -941,10 +940,10 @@ static void conf_save(void)
 				set_config_filename(dialog_input_result);
 				return;
 			}
-			show_textbox(NULL, _("Can't create file!  Probably a nonexistent directory."), 5, 60);
+			show_textbox(NULL, "Can't create file!  Probably a nonexistent directory.", 5, 60);
 			break;
 		case 1:
-			show_helptext(_("Save Alternate Configuration"), save_config_help);
+			show_helptext("Save Alternate Configuration", save_config_help);
 			break;
 		case KEY_ESC:
 			return;
@@ -961,8 +960,8 @@ static int handle_exit(void)
 	dialog_clear();
 	if (conf_get_changed())
 		res = dialog_yesno(NULL,
-				   _("Do you wish to save your new configuration?\n"
-				     "(Press <ESC><ESC> to continue Crosstool-NG configuration.)"),
+				   "Do you wish to save your new configuration?\n"
+				     "(Press <ESC><ESC> to continue Crosstool-NG configuration.)",
 				   6, 60);
 	else
 		res = -1;
@@ -972,26 +971,26 @@ static int handle_exit(void)
 	switch (res) {
 	case 0:
 		if (conf_write(filename)) {
-			fprintf(stderr, _("\n\n"
+			fprintf(stderr, "\n\n"
 					  "Error while writing of the configuration.\n"
 					  "Your configuration changes were NOT saved."
-					  "\n\n"));
+					  "\n\n");
 			return 1;
 		}
 		/* fall through */
 	case -1:
 		if (!silent)
-			printf(_("\n\n"
+			printf("\n\n"
 				 "*** End of the configuration.\n"
 				 "*** Execute 'ct-ng build' to start the build or try 'ct-ng help'."
-				 "\n\n"));
+				 "\n\n");
 		res = 0;
 		break;
 	default:
 		if (!silent)
-			fprintf(stderr, _("\n\n"
+			fprintf(stderr, "\n\n"
 					  "Your configuration changes were NOT saved."
-					  "\n\n"));
+					  "\n\n");
 		if (res != KEY_ESC)
 			res = 0;
 	}
@@ -1009,10 +1008,6 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 	char *mode;
 	int res;
 
-	setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
-	bindtextdomain(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
-	textdomain(PACKAGE);
-
 	signal(SIGINT, sig_handler);
 
 	if (ac > 1 && strcmp(av[1], "-s") == 0) {
@@ -1031,8 +1026,8 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 	}
 
 	if (init_dialog(NULL)) {
-		fprintf(stderr, N_("Your display is too small to run Menuconfig!\n"));
-		fprintf(stderr, N_("It must be at least 19 lines by 80 columns.\n"));
+		fprintf(stderr, "Your display is too small to run Menuconfig!\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "It must be at least 19 lines by 80 columns.\n");
 		return 1;
 	}
 
diff --git a/kconfig/menu.c b/kconfig/menu.c
index 53e7ad4..fd919bd 100644
--- a/kconfig/menu.c
+++ b/kconfig/menu.c
@@ -220,9 +220,6 @@ void menu_add_option(int token, char *arg)
 			zconf_error("trying to redefine defconfig symbol");
 		sym_defconfig_list->flags |= SYMBOL_AUTO;
 		break;
-	case T_OPT_ENV:
-		prop_add_env(arg);
-		break;
 	case T_OPT_ALLNOCONFIG_Y:
 		current_entry->sym->flags |= SYMBOL_ALLNOCONFIG_Y;
 		break;
@@ -717,7 +714,7 @@ static void get_prompt_str(struct gstr *r, struct property *prop,
 	struct menu *submenu[8], *menu, *location = NULL;
 	struct jump_key *jump = NULL;
 
-	str_printf(r, _("Prompt: %s\n"), _(prop->text));
+	str_printf(r, "Prompt: %s\n", prop->text);
 	menu = prop->menu->parent;
 	for (i = 0; menu != &rootmenu && i < 8; menu = menu->parent) {
 		bool accessible = menu_is_visible(menu);
@@ -750,16 +747,16 @@ static void get_prompt_str(struct gstr *r, struct property *prop,
 	}
 
 	if (i > 0) {
-		str_printf(r, _("  Location:\n"));
+		str_printf(r, "  Location:\n");
 		for (j = 4; --i >= 0; j += 2) {
 			menu = submenu[i];
 			if (jump && menu == location)
 				jump->offset = strlen(r->s);
 			str_printf(r, "%*c-> %s", j, ' ',
-				   _(menu_get_prompt(menu)));
+				   menu_get_prompt(menu));
 			if (menu->sym) {
 				str_printf(r, " (%s [=%s])", menu->sym->name ?
-					menu->sym->name : _("<choice>"),
+					menu->sym->name : "<choice>",
 					sym_get_string_value(menu->sym));
 			}
 			str_append(r, "\n");
@@ -823,23 +820,23 @@ static void get_symbol_str(struct gstr *r, struct symbol *sym,
 
 	prop = get_symbol_prop(sym);
 	if (prop) {
-		str_printf(r, _("  Defined at %s:%d\n"), prop->menu->file->name,
+		str_printf(r, "  Defined at %s:%d\n", prop->menu->file->name,
 			prop->menu->lineno);
 		if (!expr_is_yes(prop->visible.expr)) {
-			str_append(r, _("  Depends on: "));
+			str_append(r, "  Depends on: ");
 			expr_gstr_print(prop->visible.expr, r);
 			str_append(r, "\n");
 		}
 	}
 
-	get_symbol_props_str(r, sym, P_SELECT, _("  Selects: "));
+	get_symbol_props_str(r, sym, P_SELECT, "  Selects: ");
 	if (sym->rev_dep.expr) {
 		expr_gstr_print_revdep(sym->rev_dep.expr, r, yes, "  Selected by [y]:\n");
 		expr_gstr_print_revdep(sym->rev_dep.expr, r, mod, "  Selected by [m]:\n");
 		expr_gstr_print_revdep(sym->rev_dep.expr, r, no, "  Selected by [n]:\n");
 	}
 
-	get_symbol_props_str(r, sym, P_IMPLY, _("  Implies: "));
+	get_symbol_props_str(r, sym, P_IMPLY, "  Implies: ");
 	if (sym->implied.expr) {
 		expr_gstr_print_revdep(sym->implied.expr, r, yes, "  Implied by [y]:\n");
 		expr_gstr_print_revdep(sym->implied.expr, r, mod, "  Implied by [m]:\n");
@@ -858,7 +855,7 @@ struct gstr get_relations_str(struct symbol **sym_arr, struct list_head *head)
 	for (i = 0; sym_arr && (sym = sym_arr[i]); i++)
 		get_symbol_str(&res, sym, head);
 	if (!i)
-		str_append(&res, _("No matches found.\n"));
+		str_append(&res, "No matches found.\n");
 	return res;
 }
 
@@ -873,7 +870,7 @@ void menu_get_ext_help(struct menu *menu, struct gstr *help)
 			str_printf(help, "%s%s:\n\n", CONFIG_, sym->name);
 		help_text = menu_get_help(menu);
 	}
-	str_printf(help, "%s\n", _(help_text));
+	str_printf(help, "%s\n", help_text);
 	if (sym)
 		get_symbol_str(help, sym, NULL);
 }
diff --git a/kconfig/nconf.c b/kconfig/nconf.c
index be76120..4875f5e 100644
--- a/kconfig/nconf.c
+++ b/kconfig/nconf.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include "nconf.h"
 #include <ctype.h>
 
-static const char nconf_global_help[] = N_(
+static const char nconf_global_help[] =
 "Help windows\n"
 "------------\n"
 "o  Global help:  Unless in a data entry window, pressing <F1> will give \n"
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ static const char nconf_global_help[] = N_(
 "\n"
 "Note that this mode can eventually be a little more CPU expensive than\n"
 "the default mode, especially with a larger number of unfolded submenus.\n"
-"\n"),
-menu_no_f_instructions[] = N_(
+"\n",
+menu_no_f_instructions[] =
 "Legend:  [*] built-in  [ ] excluded  <M> automatic < > automatic capable.\n"
 "Submenus are designated by a trailing \"--->\", empty ones by \"----\".\n"
 "\n"
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ menu_no_f_instructions[] = N_(
 "You do not have function keys support.\n"
 "Press <1> instead of <F1>, <2> instead of <F2>, etc.\n"
 "For verbose global help use key <1>.\n"
-"For help related to the current menu entry press <?> or <h>.\n"),
-menu_instructions[] = N_(
+"For help related to the current menu entry press <?> or <h>.\n",
+menu_instructions[] =
 "Legend:  [*] built-in  [ ] excluded  <M> automatic  < > automatic capable.\n"
 "Submenus are designated by a trailing \"--->\", empty ones by \"----\".\n"
 "\n"
@@ -166,30 +166,30 @@ menu_instructions[] = N_(
 "\n"
 "Pressing <1> may be used instead of <F1>, <2> instead of <F2>, etc.\n"
 "For verbose global help press <F1>.\n"
-"For help related to the current menu entry press <?> or <h>.\n"),
-radiolist_instructions[] = N_(
+"For help related to the current menu entry press <?> or <h>.\n",
+radiolist_instructions[] =
 "Press <Up>, <Down>, <Home> or <End> to navigate a radiolist, select\n"
 "with <Space>.\n"
 "For help related to the current entry press <?> or <h>.\n"
-"For global help press <F1>.\n"),
-inputbox_instructions_int[] = N_(
+"For global help press <F1>.\n",
+inputbox_instructions_int[] =
 "Please enter a decimal value.\n"
 "Fractions will not be accepted.\n"
-"Press <Enter> to apply, <Esc> to cancel."),
-inputbox_instructions_hex[] = N_(
+"Press <Enter> to apply, <Esc> to cancel.",
+inputbox_instructions_hex[] =
 "Please enter a hexadecimal value.\n"
-"Press <Enter> to apply, <Esc> to cancel."),
-inputbox_instructions_string[] = N_(
+"Press <Enter> to apply, <Esc> to cancel.",
+inputbox_instructions_string[] =
 "Please enter a string value.\n"
-"Press <Enter> to apply, <Esc> to cancel."),
-setmod_text[] = N_(
+"Press <Enter> to apply, <Esc> to cancel.",
+setmod_text[] =
 "This feature depends on another feature which has been configured as\n"
-"automatic.  As a result, the current feature will be built as automatic too."),
-load_config_text[] = N_(
+"automatic.  As a result, the current feature will be built as automatic too.",
+load_config_text[] =
 "Enter the name of the configuration file you wish to load.\n"
 "Accept the name shown to restore the configuration you last\n"
-"retrieved.  Leave empty to abort."),
-load_config_help[] = N_(
+"retrieved.  Leave empty to abort.",
+load_config_help[] =
 "For various reasons, one may wish to keep several different\n"
 "configurations available on a single machine.\n"
 "\n"
@@ -197,11 +197,11 @@ load_config_help[] = N_(
 "default one, entering its name here will allow you to load and modify\n"
 "that configuration.\n"
 "\n"
-"Leave empty to abort.\n"),
-save_config_text[] = N_(
+"Leave empty to abort.\n",
+save_config_text[] =
 "Enter a filename to which this configuration should be saved\n"
-"as an alternate.  Leave empty to abort."),
-save_config_help[] = N_(
+"as an alternate.  Leave empty to abort.",
+save_config_help[] =
 "For various reasons, one may wish to keep several different\n"
 "configurations available on a single machine.\n"
 "\n"
@@ -209,8 +209,8 @@ save_config_help[] = N_(
 "and use the current configuration as an alternate to whatever\n"
 "configuration options you have selected at that time.\n"
 "\n"
-"Leave empty to abort.\n"),
-search_help[] = N_(
+"Leave empty to abort.\n",
+search_help[] =
 "Search for symbols (configuration variable names CONFIG_*) and display\n"
 "their relations.  Regular expressions are supported.\n"
 "Example:  Search for \"^FOO\".\n"
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ search_help[] = N_(
 "USB  => find all symbols containing USB\n"
 "^USB => find all symbols starting with USB\n"
 "USB$ => find all symbols ending with USB\n"
-"\n");
+"\n";
 
 struct mitem {
 	char str[256];
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ static void print_function_line(void)
 static void handle_f1(int *key, struct menu *current_item)
 {
 	show_scroll_win(main_window,
-			_("Global help"), _(nconf_global_help));
+			"Global help", nconf_global_help);
 	return;
 }
 
@@ -406,8 +406,8 @@ static void handle_f2(int *key, struct menu *current_item)
 static void handle_f3(int *key, struct menu *current_item)
 {
 	show_scroll_win(main_window,
-			_("Short help"),
-			_(current_instructions));
+			"Short help",
+			current_instructions);
 	return;
 }
 
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ static void handle_f3(int *key, struct menu *current_item)
 static void handle_f4(int *key, struct menu *current_item)
 {
 	int res = btn_dialog(main_window,
-			_("Show all symbols?"),
+			"Show all symbols?",
 			2,
 			"   <Show All>   ",
 			"<Don't show all>");
@@ -656,8 +656,8 @@ static int do_exit(void)
 		return 0;
 	}
 	res = btn_dialog(main_window,
-			_("Do you wish to save your new configuration?\n"
-				"<ESC> to cancel and resume nconfig."),
+			"Do you wish to save your new configuration?\n"
+				"<ESC> to cancel and resume nconfig.",
 			2,
 			"   <save>   ",
 			"<don't save>");
@@ -673,15 +673,15 @@ static int do_exit(void)
 		if (res)
 			btn_dialog(
 				main_window,
-				_("Error during writing of configuration.\n"
-				  "Your configuration changes were NOT saved."),
+				"Error during writing of configuration.\n"
+				  "Your configuration changes were NOT saved.",
 				  1,
 				  "<OK>");
 		break;
 	default:
 		btn_dialog(
 			main_window,
-			_("Your configuration changes were NOT saved."),
+			"Your configuration changes were NOT saved.",
 			1,
 			"<OK>");
 		break;
@@ -700,12 +700,12 @@ static void search_conf(void)
 	int dres;
 
 	title = str_new();
-	str_printf( &title, _("Enter (sub)string or regexp to search for "
-			      "(with or without \"%s\")"), CONFIG_);
+	str_printf( &title, "Enter (sub)string or regexp to search for "
+			      "(with or without \"%s\")", CONFIG_);
 
 again:
 	dres = dialog_inputbox(main_window,
-			_("Search Configuration Parameter"),
+			"Search Configuration Parameter",
 			str_get(&title),
 			"", &dialog_input_result, &dialog_input_result_len);
 	switch (dres) {
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ again:
 		break;
 	case 1:
 		show_scroll_win(main_window,
-				_("Search Configuration"), search_help);
+				"Search Configuration", search_help);
 		goto again;
 	default:
 		str_free(&title);
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ again:
 	res = get_relations_str(sym_arr, NULL);
 	free(sym_arr);
 	show_scroll_win(main_window,
-			_("Search Results"), str_get(&res));
+			"Search Results", str_get(&res));
 	str_free(&res);
 	str_free(&title);
 }
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 			switch (ptype) {
 			case P_MENU:
 				child_count++;
-				prompt = _(prompt);
+				prompt = prompt;
 				if (single_menu_mode) {
 					item_make(menu, 'm',
 						"%s%*c%s",
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 					item_make(menu, ':',
 						"   %*c*** %s ***",
 						indent + 1, ' ',
-						_(prompt));
+						prompt);
 				}
 				break;
 			default:
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 					child_count++;
 					item_make(menu, ':', "---%*c%s",
 						indent + 1, ' ',
-						_(prompt));
+						prompt);
 				}
 			}
 		} else
@@ -832,11 +832,11 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 		}
 
 		item_add_str("%*c%s", indent + 1,
-				' ', _(menu_get_prompt(menu)));
+				' ', menu_get_prompt(menu));
 		if (val == yes) {
 			if (def_menu) {
 				item_add_str(" (%s)",
-					_(menu_get_prompt(def_menu)));
+					menu_get_prompt(def_menu));
 				item_add_str("  --->");
 				if (def_menu->list) {
 					indent += 2;
@@ -850,7 +850,7 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 		if (menu == current_menu) {
 			item_make(menu, ':',
 				"---%*c%s", indent + 1,
-				' ', _(menu_get_prompt(menu)));
+				' ', menu_get_prompt(menu));
 			goto conf_childs;
 		}
 		child_count++;
@@ -897,17 +897,17 @@ static void build_conf(struct menu *menu)
 				if (tmp < 0)
 					tmp = 0;
 				item_add_str("%*c%s%s", tmp, ' ',
-						_(menu_get_prompt(menu)),
+						menu_get_prompt(menu),
 						(sym_has_value(sym) ||
 						 !sym_is_changable(sym)) ? "" :
-						_(" (NEW)"));
+						" (NEW)");
 				goto conf_childs;
 			}
 		}
 		item_add_str("%*c%s%s", indent + 1, ' ',
-				_(menu_get_prompt(menu)),
+				menu_get_prompt(menu),
 				(sym_has_value(sym) || !sym_is_changable(sym)) ?
-				"" : _(" (NEW)"));
+				"" : " (NEW)");
 		if (menu->prompt && menu->prompt->type == P_MENU) {
 			item_add_str("  %s", menu_is_empty(menu) ? "----" : "--->");
 			return;
@@ -1089,8 +1089,8 @@ static void conf(struct menu *menu)
 		if (!child_count)
 			break;
 
-		show_menu(prompt ? _(prompt) : _("Main Menu"),
-				_(menu_instructions),
+		show_menu(prompt ? prompt : "Main Menu",
+				menu_instructions,
 				current_index, &last_top_row);
 		keypad((menu_win(curses_menu)), TRUE);
 		while (!global_exit) {
@@ -1230,13 +1230,13 @@ static void show_help(struct menu *menu)
 
 	help = str_new();
 	menu_get_ext_help(menu, &help);
-	show_scroll_win(main_window, _(menu_get_prompt(menu)), str_get(&help));
+	show_scroll_win(main_window, menu_get_prompt(menu), str_get(&help));
 	str_free(&help);
 }
 
 static void conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 {
-	const char *prompt = _(menu_get_prompt(menu));
+	const char *prompt = menu_get_prompt(menu);
 	struct menu *child = NULL;
 	struct symbol *active;
 	int selected_index = 0;
@@ -1259,13 +1259,13 @@ static void conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 
 			if (child->sym == sym_get_choice_value(menu->sym))
 				item_make(child, ':', "<X> %s",
-						_(menu_get_prompt(child)));
+						menu_get_prompt(child));
 			else if (child->sym)
 				item_make(child, ':', "    %s",
-						_(menu_get_prompt(child)));
+						menu_get_prompt(child));
 			else
 				item_make(child, ':', "*** %s ***",
-						_(menu_get_prompt(child)));
+						menu_get_prompt(child));
 
 			if (child->sym == active){
 				last_top_row = top_row(curses_menu);
@@ -1273,8 +1273,8 @@ static void conf_choice(struct menu *menu)
 			}
 			i++;
 		}
-		show_menu(prompt ? _(prompt) : _("Choice Menu"),
-				_(radiolist_instructions),
+		show_menu(prompt ? prompt : "Choice Menu",
+				radiolist_instructions,
 				selected_index,
 				&last_top_row);
 		while (!global_exit) {
@@ -1361,19 +1361,19 @@ static void conf_string(struct menu *menu)
 
 		switch (sym_get_type(menu->sym)) {
 		case S_INT:
-			heading = _(inputbox_instructions_int);
+			heading = inputbox_instructions_int;
 			break;
 		case S_HEX:
-			heading = _(inputbox_instructions_hex);
+			heading = inputbox_instructions_hex;
 			break;
 		case S_STRING:
-			heading = _(inputbox_instructions_string);
+			heading = inputbox_instructions_string;
 			break;
 		default:
-			heading = _("Internal nconf error!");
+			heading = "Internal nconf error!";
 		}
 		res = dialog_inputbox(main_window,
-				prompt ? _(prompt) : _("Main Menu"),
+				prompt ? prompt : "Main Menu",
 				heading,
 				sym_get_string_value(menu->sym),
 				&dialog_input_result,
@@ -1384,7 +1384,7 @@ static void conf_string(struct menu *menu)
 						dialog_input_result))
 				return;
 			btn_dialog(main_window,
-				_("You have made an invalid entry."), 0);
+				"You have made an invalid entry.", 0);
 			break;
 		case 1:
 			show_help(menu);
@@ -1413,11 +1413,11 @@ static void conf_load(void)
 				sym_set_change_count(1);
 				return;
 			}
-			btn_dialog(main_window, _("File does not exist!"), 0);
+			btn_dialog(main_window, "File does not exist!", 0);
 			break;
 		case 1:
 			show_scroll_win(main_window,
-					_("Load Alternate Configuration"),
+					"Load Alternate Configuration",
 					load_config_help);
 			break;
 		case KEY_EXIT:
@@ -1444,13 +1444,13 @@ static void conf_save(void)
 				set_config_filename(dialog_input_result);
 				return;
 			}
-			btn_dialog(main_window, _("Can't create file! "
-				"Probably a nonexistent directory."),
+			btn_dialog(main_window, "Can't create file! "
+				"Probably a nonexistent directory.",
 				1, "<OK>");
 			break;
 		case 1:
 			show_scroll_win(main_window,
-				_("Save Alternate Configuration"),
+				"Save Alternate Configuration",
 				save_config_help);
 			break;
 		case KEY_EXIT:
@@ -1483,10 +1483,6 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 	int lines, columns;
 	char *mode;
 
-	setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
-	bindtextdomain(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
-	textdomain(PACKAGE);
-
 	if (ac > 1 && strcmp(av[1], "-s") == 0) {
 		/* Silence conf_read() until the real callback is set up */
 		conf_set_message_callback(NULL);
@@ -1544,8 +1540,8 @@ int main(int ac, char **av)
 	/* check for KEY_FUNC(1) */
 	if (has_key(KEY_F(1)) == FALSE) {
 		show_scroll_win(main_window,
-				_("Instructions"),
-				_(menu_no_f_instructions));
+				"Instructions",
+				menu_no_f_instructions);
 	}
 
 	conf_set_message_callback(conf_message_callback);
diff --git a/kconfig/nconf.h b/kconfig/nconf.h
index 9f6f21d..2b9e19f 100644
--- a/kconfig/nconf.h
+++ b/kconfig/nconf.h
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <locale.h>
 #include <ncurses.h>
 #include <menu.h>
 #include <panel.h>
diff --git a/kconfig/preprocess.c b/kconfig/preprocess.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ca2df7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kconfig/preprocess.c
@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2018 Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "list.h"
+
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(arr)		(sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0]))
+
+static char *expand_string_with_args(const char *in, int argc, char *argv[]);
+
+static void __attribute__((noreturn)) pperror(const char *format, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: ", current_file->name, yylineno);
+	va_start(ap, format);
+	vfprintf(stderr, format, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Environment variables
+ */
+static LIST_HEAD(env_list);
+
+struct env {
+	char *name;
+	char *value;
+	struct list_head node;
+};
+
+static void env_add(const char *name, const char *value)
+{
+	struct env *e;
+
+	e = xmalloc(sizeof(*e));
+	e->name = xstrdup(name);
+	e->value = xstrdup(value);
+
+	list_add_tail(&e->node, &env_list);
+}
+
+static void env_del(struct env *e)
+{
+	list_del(&e->node);
+	free(e->name);
+	free(e->value);
+	free(e);
+}
+
+/* The returned pointer must be freed when done */
+static char *env_expand(const char *name)
+{
+	struct env *e;
+	const char *value;
+
+	if (!*name)
+		return NULL;
+
+	list_for_each_entry(e, &env_list, node) {
+		if (!strcmp(name, e->name))
+			return xstrdup(e->value);
+	}
+
+	value = getenv(name);
+	if (!value)
+		return NULL;
+
+	/*
+	 * We need to remember all referenced environment variables.
+	 * They will be written out to include/config/auto.conf.cmd
+	 */
+	env_add(name, value);
+
+	return xstrdup(value);
+}
+
+void env_write_dep(FILE *f, const char *autoconfig_name)
+{
+	struct env *e, *tmp;
+
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(e, tmp, &env_list, node) {
+		fprintf(f, "ifneq \"$(%s)\" \"%s\"\n", e->name, e->value);
+		fprintf(f, "%s: FORCE\n", autoconfig_name);
+		fprintf(f, "endif\n");
+		env_del(e);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Built-in functions
+ */
+struct function {
+	const char *name;
+	unsigned int min_args;
+	unsigned int max_args;
+	char *(*func)(int argc, char *argv[]);
+};
+
+static char *do_error_if(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	if (!strcmp(argv[0], "y"))
+		pperror("%s", argv[1]);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static char *do_filename(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	return xstrdup(current_file->name);
+}
+
+static char *do_info(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	printf("%s\n", argv[0]);
+
+	return xstrdup("");
+}
+
+static char *do_lineno(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	char buf[16];
+
+	sprintf(buf, "%d", yylineno);
+
+	return xstrdup(buf);
+}
+
+static char *do_shell(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	FILE *p;
+	char buf[256];
+	char *cmd;
+	size_t nread;
+	int i;
+
+	cmd = argv[0];
+
+	p = popen(cmd, "r");
+	if (!p) {
+		perror(cmd);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	nread = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), p);
+	if (nread == sizeof(buf))
+		nread--;
+
+	/* remove trailing new lines */
+	while (nread > 0 && buf[nread - 1] == '\n')
+		nread--;
+
+	buf[nread] = 0;
+
+	/* replace a new line with a space */
+	for (i = 0; i < nread; i++) {
+		if (buf[i] == '\n')
+			buf[i] = ' ';
+	}
+
+	if (pclose(p) == -1) {
+		perror(cmd);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	return xstrdup(buf);
+}
+
+static char *do_warning_if(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	if (!strcmp(argv[0], "y"))
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: %s\n",
+			current_file->name, yylineno, argv[1]);
+
+	return xstrdup("");
+}
+
+static const struct function function_table[] = {
+	/* Name		MIN	MAX	Function */
+	{ "error-if",	2,	2,	do_error_if },
+	{ "filename",	0,	0,	do_filename },
+	{ "info",	1,	1,	do_info },
+	{ "lineno",	0,	0,	do_lineno },
+	{ "shell",	1,	1,	do_shell },
+	{ "warning-if",	2,	2,	do_warning_if },
+};
+
+#define FUNCTION_MAX_ARGS		16
+
+static char *function_expand(const char *name, int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	const struct function *f;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(function_table); i++) {
+		f = &function_table[i];
+		if (strcmp(f->name, name))
+			continue;
+
+		if (argc < f->min_args)
+			pperror("too few function arguments passed to '%s'",
+				name);
+
+		if (argc > f->max_args)
+			pperror("too many function arguments passed to '%s'",
+				name);
+
+		return f->func(argc, argv);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Variables (and user-defined functions)
+ */
+static LIST_HEAD(variable_list);
+
+struct variable {
+	char *name;
+	char *value;
+	enum variable_flavor flavor;
+	int exp_count;
+	struct list_head node;
+};
+
+static struct variable *variable_lookup(const char *name)
+{
+	struct variable *v;
+
+	list_for_each_entry(v, &variable_list, node) {
+		if (!strcmp(name, v->name))
+			return v;
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static char *variable_expand(const char *name, int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	struct variable *v;
+	char *res;
+
+	v = variable_lookup(name);
+	if (!v)
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (argc == 0 && v->exp_count)
+		pperror("Recursive variable '%s' references itself (eventually)",
+			name);
+
+	if (v->exp_count > 1000)
+		pperror("Too deep recursive expansion");
+
+	v->exp_count++;
+
+	if (v->flavor == VAR_RECURSIVE)
+		res = expand_string_with_args(v->value, argc, argv);
+	else
+		res = xstrdup(v->value);
+
+	v->exp_count--;
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+void variable_add(const char *name, const char *value,
+		  enum variable_flavor flavor)
+{
+	struct variable *v;
+	char *new_value;
+	bool append = false;
+
+	v = variable_lookup(name);
+	if (v) {
+		/* For defined variables, += inherits the existing flavor */
+		if (flavor == VAR_APPEND) {
+			flavor = v->flavor;
+			append = true;
+		} else {
+			free(v->value);
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* For undefined variables, += assumes the recursive flavor */
+		if (flavor == VAR_APPEND)
+			flavor = VAR_RECURSIVE;
+
+		v = xmalloc(sizeof(*v));
+		v->name = xstrdup(name);
+		v->exp_count = 0;
+		list_add_tail(&v->node, &variable_list);
+	}
+
+	v->flavor = flavor;
+
+	if (flavor == VAR_SIMPLE)
+		new_value = expand_string(value);
+	else
+		new_value = xstrdup(value);
+
+	if (append) {
+		v->value = xrealloc(v->value,
+				    strlen(v->value) + strlen(new_value) + 2);
+		strcat(v->value, " ");
+		strcat(v->value, new_value);
+		free(new_value);
+	} else {
+		v->value = new_value;
+	}
+}
+
+static void variable_del(struct variable *v)
+{
+	list_del(&v->node);
+	free(v->name);
+	free(v->value);
+	free(v);
+}
+
+void variable_all_del(void)
+{
+	struct variable *v, *tmp;
+
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(v, tmp, &variable_list, node)
+		variable_del(v);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Evaluate a clause with arguments.  argc/argv are arguments from the upper
+ * function call.
+ *
+ * Returned string must be freed when done
+ */
+static char *eval_clause(const char *str, size_t len, int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	char *tmp, *name, *res, *endptr, *prev, *p;
+	int new_argc = 0;
+	char *new_argv[FUNCTION_MAX_ARGS];
+	int nest = 0;
+	int i;
+	unsigned long n;
+
+	tmp = xstrndup(str, len);
+
+	/*
+	 * If variable name is '1', '2', etc.  It is generally an argument
+	 * from a user-function call (i.e. local-scope variable).  If not
+	 * available, then look-up global-scope variables.
+	 */
+	n = strtoul(tmp, &endptr, 10);
+	if (!*endptr && n > 0 && n <= argc) {
+		res = xstrdup(argv[n - 1]);
+		goto free_tmp;
+	}
+
+	prev = p = tmp;
+
+	/*
+	 * Split into tokens
+	 * The function name and arguments are separated by a comma.
+	 * For example, if the function call is like this:
+	 *   $(foo,$(x),$(y))
+	 *
+	 * The input string for this helper should be:
+	 *   foo,$(x),$(y)
+	 *
+	 * and split into:
+	 *   new_argv[0] = 'foo'
+	 *   new_argv[1] = '$(x)'
+	 *   new_argv[2] = '$(y)'
+	 */
+	while (*p) {
+		if (nest == 0 && *p == ',') {
+			*p = 0;
+			if (new_argc >= FUNCTION_MAX_ARGS)
+				pperror("too many function arguments");
+			new_argv[new_argc++] = prev;
+			prev = p + 1;
+		} else if (*p == '(') {
+			nest++;
+		} else if (*p == ')') {
+			nest--;
+		}
+
+		p++;
+	}
+	new_argv[new_argc++] = prev;
+
+	/*
+	 * Shift arguments
+	 * new_argv[0] represents a function name or a variable name.  Put it
+	 * into 'name', then shift the rest of the arguments.  This simplifies
+	 * 'const' handling.
+	 */
+	name = expand_string_with_args(new_argv[0], argc, argv);
+	new_argc--;
+	for (i = 0; i < new_argc; i++)
+		new_argv[i] = expand_string_with_args(new_argv[i + 1],
+						      argc, argv);
+
+	/* Search for variables */
+	res = variable_expand(name, new_argc, new_argv);
+	if (res)
+		goto free;
+
+	/* Look for built-in functions */
+	res = function_expand(name, new_argc, new_argv);
+	if (res)
+		goto free;
+
+	/* Last, try environment variable */
+	if (new_argc == 0) {
+		res = env_expand(name);
+		if (res)
+			goto free;
+	}
+
+	res = xstrdup("");
+free:
+	for (i = 0; i < new_argc; i++)
+		free(new_argv[i]);
+	free(name);
+free_tmp:
+	free(tmp);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand a string that follows '$'
+ *
+ * For example, if the input string is
+ *     ($(FOO)$($(BAR)))$(BAZ)
+ * this helper evaluates
+ *     $($(FOO)$($(BAR)))
+ * and returns a new string containing the expansion (note that the string is
+ * recursively expanded), also advancing 'str' to point to the next character
+ * after the corresponding closing parenthesis, in this case, *str will be
+ *     $(BAR)
+ */
+static char *expand_dollar_with_args(const char **str, int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	const char *p = *str;
+	const char *q;
+	int nest = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * In Kconfig, variable/function references always start with "$(".
+	 * Neither single-letter variables as in $A nor curly braces as in ${CC}
+	 * are supported.  '$' not followed by '(' loses its special meaning.
+	 */
+	if (*p != '(') {
+		*str = p;
+		return xstrdup("$");
+	}
+
+	p++;
+	q = p;
+	while (*q) {
+		if (*q == '(') {
+			nest++;
+		} else if (*q == ')') {
+			if (nest-- == 0)
+				break;
+		}
+		q++;
+	}
+
+	if (!*q)
+		pperror("unterminated reference to '%s': missing ')'", p);
+
+	/* Advance 'str' to after the expanded initial portion of the string */
+	*str = q + 1;
+
+	return eval_clause(p, q - p, argc, argv);
+}
+
+char *expand_dollar(const char **str)
+{
+	return expand_dollar_with_args(str, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+static char *__expand_string(const char **str, bool (*is_end)(char c),
+			     int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	const char *in, *p;
+	char *expansion, *out;
+	size_t in_len, out_len;
+
+	out = xmalloc(1);
+	*out = 0;
+	out_len = 1;
+
+	p = in = *str;
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (*p == '$') {
+			in_len = p - in;
+			p++;
+			expansion = expand_dollar_with_args(&p, argc, argv);
+			out_len += in_len + strlen(expansion);
+			out = xrealloc(out, out_len);
+			strncat(out, in, in_len);
+			strcat(out, expansion);
+			free(expansion);
+			in = p;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (is_end(*p))
+			break;
+
+		p++;
+	}
+
+	in_len = p - in;
+	out_len += in_len;
+	out = xrealloc(out, out_len);
+	strncat(out, in, in_len);
+
+	/* Advance 'str' to the end character */
+	*str = p;
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+static bool is_end_of_str(char c)
+{
+	return !c;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand variables and functions in the given string.  Undefined variables
+ * expand to an empty string.
+ * The returned string must be freed when done.
+ */
+static char *expand_string_with_args(const char *in, int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	return __expand_string(&in, is_end_of_str, argc, argv);
+}
+
+char *expand_string(const char *in)
+{
+	return expand_string_with_args(in, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+static bool is_end_of_token(char c)
+{
+	/* Why are '.' and '/' valid characters for symbols? */
+	return !(isalnum(c) || c == '_' || c == '-' || c == '.' || c == '/');
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand variables in a token.  The parsing stops when a token separater
+ * (in most cases, it is a whitespace) is encountered.  'str' is updated to
+ * point to the next character.
+ *
+ * The returned string must be freed when done.
+ */
+char *expand_one_token(const char **str)
+{
+	return __expand_string(str, is_end_of_token, 0, NULL);
+}
diff --git a/kconfig/symbol.c b/kconfig/symbol.c
index f0b2e3b..7c9a88e 100644
--- a/kconfig/symbol.c
+++ b/kconfig/symbol.c
@@ -33,33 +33,6 @@ struct symbol *sym_defconfig_list;
 struct symbol *modules_sym;
 tristate modules_val;
 
-struct expr *sym_env_list;
-
-static void sym_add_default(struct symbol *sym, const char *def)
-{
-	struct property *prop = prop_alloc(P_DEFAULT, sym);
-
-	prop->expr = expr_alloc_symbol(sym_lookup(def, SYMBOL_CONST));
-}
-
-void sym_init(void)
-{
-	struct symbol *sym;
-	struct utsname uts;
-	static bool inited = false;
-
-	if (inited)
-		return;
-	inited = true;
-
-	uname(&uts);
-
-	sym = sym_lookup("UNAME_RELEASE", 0);
-	sym->type = S_STRING;
-	sym->flags |= SYMBOL_AUTO;
-	sym_add_default(sym, uts.release);
-}
-
 enum symbol_type sym_get_type(struct symbol *sym)
 {
 	enum symbol_type type = sym->type;
@@ -906,59 +879,6 @@ struct symbol *sym_find(const char *name)
 	return symbol;
 }
 
-/*
- * Expand symbol's names embedded in the string given in argument. Symbols'
- * name to be expanded shall be prefixed by a '$'. Unknown symbol expands to
- * the empty string.
- */
-char *sym_expand_string_value(const char *in)
-{
-	const char *src;
-	char *res;
-	size_t reslen;
-
-	/*
-	 * Note: 'in' might come from a token that's about to be
-	 * freed, so make sure to always allocate a new string
-	 */
-	reslen = strlen(in) + 1;
-	res = xmalloc(reslen);
-	res[0] = '\0';
-
-	while ((src = strchr(in, '$'))) {
-		char *p, name[SYMBOL_MAXLENGTH];
-		const char *symval = "";
-		struct symbol *sym;
-		size_t newlen;
-
-		strncat(res, in, src - in);
-		src++;
-
-		p = name;
-		while (isalnum(*src) || *src == '_')
-			*p++ = *src++;
-		*p = '\0';
-
-		sym = sym_find(name);
-		if (sym != NULL) {
-			sym_calc_value(sym);
-			symval = sym_get_string_value(sym);
-		}
-
-		newlen = strlen(res) + strlen(symval) + strlen(src) + 1;
-		if (newlen > reslen) {
-			reslen = newlen;
-			res = xrealloc(res, reslen);
-		}
-
-		strcat(res, symval);
-		in = src;
-	}
-	strcat(res, in);
-
-	return res;
-}
-
 const char *sym_escape_string_value(const char *in)
 {
 	const char *p;
@@ -1401,32 +1321,3 @@ const char *prop_get_type_name(enum prop_type type)
 	}
 	return "unknown";
 }
-
-static void prop_add_env(const char *env)
-{
-	struct symbol *sym, *sym2;
-	struct property *prop;
-	char *p;
-
-	sym = current_entry->sym;
-	sym->flags |= SYMBOL_AUTO;
-	for_all_properties(sym, prop, P_ENV) {
-		sym2 = prop_get_symbol(prop);
-		if (strcmp(sym2->name, env))
-			menu_warn(current_entry, "redefining environment symbol from %s",
-				  sym2->name);
-		return;
-	}
-
-	prop = prop_alloc(P_ENV, sym);
-	prop->expr = expr_alloc_symbol(sym_lookup(env, SYMBOL_CONST));
-
-	sym_env_list = expr_alloc_one(E_LIST, sym_env_list);
-	sym_env_list->right.sym = sym;
-
-	p = getenv(env);
-	if (p)
-		sym_add_default(sym, p);
-	else
-		menu_warn(current_entry, "environment variable %s undefined", env);
-}
diff --git a/kconfig/util.c b/kconfig/util.c
index c6f6e21..a365594 100644
--- a/kconfig/util.c
+++ b/kconfig/util.c
@@ -14,18 +14,16 @@
 struct file *file_lookup(const char *name)
 {
 	struct file *file;
-	char *file_name = sym_expand_string_value(name);
 
 	for (file = file_list; file; file = file->next) {
 		if (!strcmp(name, file->name)) {
-			free(file_name);
 			return file;
 		}
 	}
 
 	file = xmalloc(sizeof(*file));
 	memset(file, 0, sizeof(*file));
-	file->name = file_name;
+	file->name = xstrdup(name);
 	file->next = file_list;
 	file_list = file;
 	return file;
@@ -34,8 +32,6 @@ struct file *file_lookup(const char *name)
 /* write a dependency file as used by kbuild to track dependencies */
 int file_write_dep(const char *name)
 {
-	struct symbol *sym, *env_sym;
-	struct expr *e;
 	struct file *file;
 	FILE *out;
 
@@ -54,21 +50,7 @@ int file_write_dep(const char *name)
 	fprintf(out, "\n%s: \\\n"
 		     "\t$(deps_config)\n\n", conf_get_autoconfig_name());
 
-	expr_list_for_each_sym(sym_env_list, e, sym) {
-		struct property *prop;
-		const char *value;
-
-		prop = sym_get_env_prop(sym);
-		env_sym = prop_get_symbol(prop);
-		if (!env_sym)
-			continue;
-		value = getenv(env_sym->name);
-		if (!value)
-			value = "";
-		fprintf(out, "ifneq \"$(%s)\" \"%s\"\n", env_sym->name, value);
-		fprintf(out, "%s: FORCE\n", conf_get_autoconfig_name());
-		fprintf(out, "endif\n");
-	}
+	env_write_dep(out, conf_get_autoconfig_name());
 
 	fprintf(out, "\n$(deps_config): ;\n");
 	fclose(out);
@@ -165,3 +147,14 @@ char *xstrdup(const char *s)
 	fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory.\n");
 	exit(1);
 }
+
+char *xstrndup(const char *s, size_t n)
+{
+	char *p;
+
+	p = strndup(s, n);
+	if (p)
+		return p;
+	fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory.\n");
+	exit(1);
+}
diff --git a/kconfig/zconf.l b/kconfig/zconf.l
index 045093d..25bd2b8 100644
--- a/kconfig/zconf.l
+++ b/kconfig/zconf.l
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 %option nostdinit noyywrap never-interactive full ecs
 %option 8bit nodefault yylineno
-%option noinput
-%x COMMAND HELP STRING PARAM
+%x COMMAND HELP STRING PARAM ASSIGN_VAL
 %{
 /*
  * Copyright (C) 2002 Roman Zippel <zippel@linux-m68k.org>
  * Released under the terms of the GNU GPL v2.0.
  */
 
+#include <assert.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ struct buffer *current_buf;
 
 static int last_ts, first_ts;
 
+static char *expand_token(const char *in, size_t n);
+static void append_expanded_string(const char *in);
 static void zconf_endhelp(void);
 static void zconf_endfile(void);
 
@@ -101,17 +103,28 @@ n	[A-Za-z0-9_-]
 <COMMAND>{
 	{n}+	{
 		const struct kconf_id *id = kconf_id_lookup(yytext, yyleng);
-		BEGIN(PARAM);
 		current_pos.file = current_file;
 		current_pos.lineno = yylineno;
 		if (id && id->flags & TF_COMMAND) {
+			BEGIN(PARAM);
 			yylval.id = id;
 			return id->token;
 		}
 		alloc_string(yytext, yyleng);
 		yylval.string = text;
-		return T_WORD;
+		return T_VARIABLE;
 	}
+	({n}|$)+	{
+		/* this token includes at least one '$' */
+		yylval.string = expand_token(yytext, yyleng);
+		if (strlen(yylval.string))
+			return T_VARIABLE;
+		free(yylval.string);
+	}
+	"="	{ BEGIN(ASSIGN_VAL); yylval.flavor = VAR_RECURSIVE; return T_ASSIGN; }
+	":="	{ BEGIN(ASSIGN_VAL); yylval.flavor = VAR_SIMPLE; return T_ASSIGN; }
+	"+="	{ BEGIN(ASSIGN_VAL); yylval.flavor = VAR_APPEND; return T_ASSIGN; }
+	[[:blank:]]+
 	.	warn_ignored_character(*yytext);
 	\n	{
 		BEGIN(INITIAL);
@@ -119,6 +132,16 @@ n	[A-Za-z0-9_-]
 	}
 }
 
+<ASSIGN_VAL>{
+	[^[:blank:]\n]+.*	{
+		alloc_string(yytext, yyleng);
+		yylval.string = text;
+		return T_ASSIGN_VAL;
+	}
+	\n	{ BEGIN(INITIAL); return T_EOL; }
+	.
+}
+
 <PARAM>{
 	"&&"	return T_AND;
 	"||"	return T_OR;
@@ -147,6 +170,13 @@ n	[A-Za-z0-9_-]
 		yylval.string = text;
 		return T_WORD;
 	}
+	({n}|[/.$])+	{
+		/* this token includes at least one '$' */
+		yylval.string = expand_token(yytext, yyleng);
+		if (strlen(yylval.string))
+			return T_WORD;
+		free(yylval.string);
+	}
 	#.*	/* comment */
 	\\\n	;
 	[[:blank:]]+
@@ -157,12 +187,13 @@ n	[A-Za-z0-9_-]
 }
 
 <STRING>{
-	[^'"\\\n]+/\n	{
+	"$".*	append_expanded_string(yytext);
+	[^$'"\\\n]+/\n	{
 		append_string(yytext, yyleng);
 		yylval.string = text;
 		return T_WORD_QUOTE;
 	}
-	[^'"\\\n]+	{
+	[^$'"\\\n]+	{
 		append_string(yytext, yyleng);
 	}
 	\\.?/\n	{
@@ -249,6 +280,58 @@ n	[A-Za-z0-9_-]
 }
 
 %%
+static char *expand_token(const char *in, size_t n)
+{
+	char *out;
+	int c;
+	char c2;
+	const char *rest, *end;
+
+	new_string();
+	append_string(in, n);
+
+	/* get the whole line because we do not know the end of token. */
+	while ((c = input()) != EOF) {
+		if (c == '\n') {
+			unput(c);
+			break;
+		}
+		c2 = c;
+		append_string(&c2, 1);
+	}
+
+	rest = text;
+	out = expand_one_token(&rest);
+
+	/* push back unused characters to the input stream */
+	end = rest + strlen(rest);
+	while (end > rest)
+		unput(*--end);
+
+	free(text);
+
+	return out;
+}
+
+static void append_expanded_string(const char *str)
+{
+	const char *end;
+	char *res;
+
+	str++;
+
+	res = expand_dollar(&str);
+
+	/* push back unused characters to the input stream */
+	end = str + strlen(str);
+	while (end > str)
+		unput(*--end);
+
+	append_string(res, strlen(res));
+
+	free(res);
+}
+
 void zconf_starthelp(void)
 {
 	new_string();
diff --git a/kconfig/zconf.y b/kconfig/zconf.y
index 283ad36..1fd37c9 100644
--- a/kconfig/zconf.y
+++ b/kconfig/zconf.y
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ struct symbol *symbol_hash[SYMBOL_HASHSIZE];
 static struct menu *current_menu, *current_entry;
 
 %}
-%expect 32
+%expect 31
 
 %union
 {
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ static struct menu *current_menu, *current_entry;
 	struct expr *expr;
 	struct menu *menu;
 	const struct kconf_id *id;
+	enum variable_flavor flavor;
 }
 
 %token <id>T_MAINMENU
@@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ static struct menu *current_menu, *current_entry;
 %token T_CLOSE_PAREN
 %token T_OPEN_PAREN
 %token T_EOL
+%token <string> T_VARIABLE
+%token <flavor> T_ASSIGN
+%token <string> T_ASSIGN_VAL
 
 %left T_OR
 %left T_AND
@@ -92,7 +96,7 @@ static struct menu *current_menu, *current_entry;
 %type <id> end
 %type <id> option_name
 %type <menu> if_entry menu_entry choice_entry
-%type <string> symbol_option_arg word_opt
+%type <string> symbol_option_arg word_opt assign_val
 
 %destructor {
 	fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: missing end statement for this entry\n",
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ static struct menu *current_menu, *current_entry;
 %%
 input: nl start | start;
 
-start: mainmenu_stmt stmt_list | no_mainmenu_stmt stmt_list;
+start: mainmenu_stmt stmt_list | stmt_list;
 
 /* mainmenu entry */
 
@@ -118,19 +122,6 @@ mainmenu_stmt: T_MAINMENU prompt nl
 	menu_add_prompt(P_MENU, $2, NULL);
 };
 
-/* Default main menu, if there's no mainmenu entry */
-
-no_mainmenu_stmt: /* empty */
-{
-	/*
-	 * Hack: Keep the main menu title on the heap so we can safely free it
-	 * later regardless of whether it comes from the 'prompt' in
-	 * mainmenu_stmt or here
-	 */
-	menu_add_prompt(P_MENU, xstrdup("Linux Kernel Configuration"), NULL);
-};
-
-
 stmt_list:
 	  /* empty */
 	| stmt_list common_stmt
@@ -156,6 +147,7 @@ common_stmt:
 	| config_stmt
 	| menuconfig_stmt
 	| source_stmt
+	| assignment_stmt
 ;
 
 option_error:
@@ -345,7 +337,7 @@ choice_block:
 
 /* if entry */
 
-if_entry: T_IF expr nl
+if_entry: T_IF expr T_EOL
 {
 	printd(DEBUG_PARSE, "%s:%d:if\n", zconf_curname(), zconf_lineno());
 	menu_add_entry(NULL);
@@ -524,33 +516,43 @@ symbol:	  nonconst_symbol
 word_opt: /* empty */			{ $$ = NULL; }
 	| T_WORD
 
+/* assignment statement */
+
+assignment_stmt:  T_VARIABLE T_ASSIGN assign_val T_EOL	{ variable_add($1, $3, $2); free($1); free($3); }
+
+assign_val:
+	/* empty */		{ $$ = xstrdup(""); };
+	| T_ASSIGN_VAL
+;
+
 %%
 
 void conf_parse(const char *name)
 {
-	const char *tmp;
 	struct symbol *sym;
 	int i;
 
 	zconf_initscan(name);
 
-	sym_init();
 	_menu_init();
-
 #if YYDEBUG
 	if (getenv("ZCONF_DEBUG"))
 		yydebug = 1;
 #endif
 	yyparse();
+
+	/* Variables are expanded in the parse phase. We can free them here. */
+	variable_all_del();
+
 	if (yynerrs)
 		exit(1);
 	if (!modules_sym)
 		modules_sym = sym_find( "n" );
 
-	tmp = rootmenu.prompt->text;
-	rootmenu.prompt->text = _(rootmenu.prompt->text);
-	rootmenu.prompt->text = sym_expand_string_value(rootmenu.prompt->text);
-	free((char*)tmp);
+	if (!menu_has_prompt(&rootmenu)) {
+		current_entry = &rootmenu;
+		menu_add_prompt(P_MENU, "Main menu", NULL);
+	}
 
 	menu_finalize(&rootmenu);
 	for_all_symbols(i, sym) {
@@ -716,6 +718,10 @@ static void print_symbol(FILE *out, struct menu *menu)
 			print_quoted_string(out, prop->text);
 			fputc('\n', out);
 			break;
+		case P_SYMBOL:
+			fputs( "  symbol ", out);
+			fprintf(out, "%s\n", prop->sym->name);
+			break;
 		default:
 			fprintf(out, "  unknown prop %d!\n", prop->type);
 			break;
@@ -782,3 +788,4 @@ void zconfdump(FILE *out)
 #include "expr.c"
 #include "symbol.c"
 #include "menu.c"
+#include "preprocess.c"